SAPONIFICATION

Introduction: 
In this experiment we used: NaOH, olive oil and Sudan III.
With this different elements we created soap.

Objective:
- To do the saponification
- To make soap

Procedure: 
1- We need to take a test tube rack
2- Take one test tube and put 2ml of Na OH.
3- Put 2ml of olive oil.
4- You need to mix with a sterring rot
5- Put the test tube in a beaker with water in the bunsen burner (10 minutes)
6- You will see the soap (solid part and yellow)

Results:

Olive oil---Triolein 

SECOND PART:

Introduction:

In this part of the experiment we used: milk and Sudan III to see if the colour change to red. 

Objective: 

- To know if there are presence of lipids 

Procedure:

- In a test tube you need to put a little bit of milk. 

- Put some drops of Sudan III

- Observe what is happening 

Observations: 

We can see that when whe put the Sudan III the colour of the milk change to red, that means that there are a presence of lipids. 

LIPIDS PROPERTIES

Introduction:
Lipids are heterogenous group of compounds synthesized by organisms that are present in all biological tissues. 
These compounds are characterized as natural substances that do not mix with water but dissolve in organic solvents. 
There are several classes of lipids, including: fatty acids, waxes, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, trepens ans steroids. 

Objectives: 
- Test the solubility of lipids. 
- Identify lipids in liquids compounds. 
- Understand what are an emulsion and the effect of detergents 

Procedure: 
Solubility of some lipids:
1- Clean and dry three test tubes. Label as W (water), ethanol (E) and PE (ether)
2- Add 3 drops of oleic acid to 3 small test tubes. 
3- Add 1 ml of water in the first test tube (W)
4- Add 1 ml of ethanol in the second test tube (E). 
5- Add 1 ml of petroleum ether in the third test tube (PE). 
6- Shake carefully each test tube and record solubility and observations in your worksheet. 

Conclusion: The water in the first test tube create a monolayer, and the ethanol and the ether dissolve. 

Lipids identification: 
Translucent mark:
7- Cut two pieces (10x10) of cellulose paper. 
8- Put 1 drop of water in the first squared piece. You will see a translucent spot, wait for a while and observe what is happening. 
9. Put 1 drop of olive oil in the second squared piece of cellulose paper. You will see a translucent spot. Wait for a while and observe what is happening. Ha the spot disappeared? Why? 

Sudan III dye: 
Sudan III is a red fat-soluble dye that is utilitzed in the identification of the presence of lipids, triglycerides and lipoproteins in liquids. 

10- Take the W test tube of the first experiment and add 2 drops of Sudan III 
11- Prepare four test tubes: 3 with milk with different fat content (M1, M2, M3) and soda (S). Add two drops of Sudan III and observe the results.  

Results: 
We can see that the colour of the oil change (red) because it has fatty acids. The water doesn't change the colour because doesn't have fats.

PERMANENT EMULSION: 
12- Take a 250ml beaker and put 100ml of water. 
13- Add 1ml of olive oil. With a glass rod stir the mixture vigorously and let it stand for a few minutes. 
14- Make note of what is happening. 
15- Add 2 drops of soap and stir the mixture again. Let it stand for a few minutes and notice the differences between both mixtures.

Results: 
Water with oil = We can see that when we stir the water with oil, the oil never dissolve, the micelles come together. 
Water with oil and soap = The micelles are not together because there are soap, and create a membrane that don't let the micelles come together. (We can see in the image). 

STARCH

Introduction:
In this experiment we will use a bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, 250 cm3 beaker, boiling tube, forceps, test tube holder, leaf to be tested, 90% ethanol and iodine or potassium iodine solution to see in different food if they have starch or not. We have the leaf after been exposed to sunlight and food that we eat many times.

Objectives:
- Identify the presence of starch in leaves.
- Relate the presence of starch with photosynthesis.
- Identify the presence of starch in some food.

Procedure:
- Remove a green leaf from a plant that has been exposed to sunlight for few hours.
- Half-fill a 250cm3 beaker with water. Heat the water until it boils. Keep the water at boiling point.
- Use the forceps to place the leaf in the boiling water. Boil for 2 minutes.
- Turn off the Bunsen Burner.
- Place boiled leaf in a boiling tube containing 90% ethanol.
- Place the boiling tube in hot water and boil for 10 minutes or until the leaf decolourizes. (It may be necessary to replace the ethanol).
- Gently remove the leaf and wash with a fine trickle of cold tap water.
- Spread the leaf evenly on a white tile.
-Add a few drops of iodine/potassium iodine solution to the leaf and note any observations.

Questions:
1- Which is the origin of the starch that you can see in the leaf?Answer: From the glucose that was synthesized the starch 2- Complete the reaction and write the name of this process:Answer: CO₂ + H₂Oà C₆ H₁₂ O₆ + O₂     
3- Explain the significance of boiling the leaf in water. 
Answer: Lose the turgent condition. 
4- Explain the significance of boiling the leaf in ethanol. 
Answer: To lose the color (chlorophyll dissapears) 
5- Explain the significance of rinsing the leaf in water
Answer: Beacuse the lugol is not soluble with ethanol. 


SECOND PART: 
Material:
- Frankfurt
- Jam
- Potato
- Three watch glass
- Knife
-Iodine

Objective: 
To detect the preseure of starch in different foods.


Procedure:
- Put each food in different watch glass.
- Open the frankfurt in the middle.
- Cut an small slice of potato.
- Put an small piece of jam.
- Use the dropper tu put iodine.
- Compare the potato with the rest.
Lugol stains starch (specially)











Observations:
We can see that in the photo the potato have a different colout of the rest, this is because the potato have a lot of starch.