LEAF PIGMENT CHROMATOGRAPHY

Introduction: In this experiment we will see different plants pigments. That pigments are: chlorophyll, xanthophyll and carotens.

Objective: 
To do the process of chromatography (separate the pigments with ethanol)

Material: 
- Mortar ans Pestle
- Funnel
- Scissors
- Graduated Cylinder
- Sand
- Beaker (250ml) or a petri dish
- Ethanol
- Calcium carbonate
- Spinachs
- Cellulose paper

PROCEDURE:
1. Take 6/7 leafs of spinacks and cut in small pieces with the scissors.
2. Put the small pieces inside the mortar with the spatula and put a little bit of sand inside de mortar.
3. With the spatula take calcium carbonate and put inside with the leafs and the sand.
4. Add 50 ml of ethanol.
5. You need to grind
6. Finally, you need to filter the mixture and extract the liquid.

- Cut a paper strip with the cellulose paper and put inside the beaker (with the liquid that we extract)
- Do the same with the petri dish, but you need to bend the cellulose paper.
- The liquid that you have in the graduated cylinder put in front of the light.

QUESTIONS: 

1. Why do we add sand?
To brake the cells, we brake the cloroplast.
2. Why do we add calcium carbonate?
Prevents the pigments degradation.
3. Which is the color of every pigment?
 chlorophyll (verd), xanthophyll (yellow) and carotens (orange).
4. What adaptative purpose do different colored pigments serve for a plant?
to capture different light wavelengths
5. Why do they separate on the cellulose paper?
For the solubility

CALCULATE: 

CHROMOPLAST & AMILOPLASTS OBSERVATION

INTRODUCTION: 

In this experiment we will use a potato and tomato to observe the cells that are inside of them.

amylopectin: Cells that keep the starch. 

Chromoplast: Keep pigments. 

OBJECTIVES: 

- To see the pigments of the tomato and if all the cell is red. 

- With the potato, to see the aminoplasts

FIRST PART: PROCEDURE OF THE TOMATO:

1. Peel the tomato and take a small part of the pulp. 

2. Prepare a procedure called squash. 

3. Observe with the microscope. 

4. Cut a small piece of paper (2cm) and you need to push and to turn with the finger to the tomato, and then take away the paper. 

OBSERVATIONS: 

The cells are white/transparent, and form red pigments that are the cloroplast. 

SECOND PART: PROCEDURE OF THE POTATO:

1. You need to cut a small piece of potato and to take the white liquid that is insade of the potato with a dropper. 

2. You need to put the liquid with the light a few minutes (the liquid need to be dry). 

3. Put a few drops of lugol and wait 3 minutes. 

4. Observe with the microscope. 

OBSERVATIONS: 

You can see the aminoplasts. 

MICROTOME PART:

1. We need distilled water and with the microtome cut the piece of potato ant put inside the distilled water. 

2. Dye the piece of potato. 

3. Observe with the microscope. 

OBSERVATIONS: 

We observe the starch organelles inside the cell. 

We count arround 12-20 organnels in each cell. 

LIFE IN A DROP OF WATER

INTRODUCTION
In this experiment we took some drops of water of different places (water of a fishbowl, stagnant water... Etc)

OBJECTIVES:
- To see if there are organism alive.

MATERIAL:
- Dropper
- Microscope
- Coverslips

PROCEDURE:
1. We took with the dropper some drops of the different water.
2. We tried to see organisms alive with the microscope.

--------> To observe with the microscope








RESULTS: